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Carl Gustav Jung: Pipe-Smoking Founder of Analytical Psychology
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung were great friends for about five years, from 1907 to 1912. Both were brilliant, and their psychoanalytic work and theories coincided. They fished together, they lectured together, they explored the Arctic on an expedition together, they spent three months touring the U.S. together. Freud considered Jung his protégé and the heir to his theories and practices; Jung considered Freud his mentor and a father figure.
Their friendship, however, was doomed. Jung grew to understand that Freud's theory of the unconscious as a mere conglomeration of repressed desires and emotions was too negative and too simplistic. There was more to the unconscious than libido. Jung was a man of integrity and honesty and was not a man to follow blindly despite Freud's immense stature and reputation. He branched away from Freud with his own theories.
They were both geniuses and pipe smokers, and pipe smokers can be stubborn as they methodically analyze a subject. Jung agreed with Freud's assessment of the unconscious, but also that it was only part of the equation, calling that part the personal unconscious. He added a second, deeper unconscious existing beneath the personal unconscious: the collective unconscious and its archetypes, which are inherited, instinctive patterns that impact human behavior, much in the same way that various animals are born with instinctive behaviors for navigating their specific environments. In much the same way that we instinctively react to the cry of a baby or the charge of a predator, we also react to stimuli in relation to all of the experiences and knowledge shared by the human race.
He also added the ego, which is the center of the field of consciousness and our sense of identity. "By psyche," said Jung, "I understand the totality of all psychic processes, conscious as well as unconscious," and he considered the human psyche in three parts: the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. In 1920, Freud also proposed a psyche in three parts: id, ego, and super-ego.
... the ego ... is the center of the field of consciousness and our sense of identity
The human mind is not a blank slate at birth. Jung proposed that we are born with the "primordial images" of our ancestors — biologically, unconsciously, and instinctively. The environment does not create the nature of an individual; rather, the inherent nature of an individual reacts to the environment.
Jung and Freud Diverge and Separate
Sigmund Freud, Stanley Hall, Carl Gustav Jung, Abraham Arden Brill, Ernest Jones and Sándor Ferenczi. Photograph, 1909
Freud did not approve of Jung's theories, especially where they contradicted his own, dismissing them as "unscientific," and Jung was deeply hurt by that rejection. A series of letters growing more and more hostile followed. The article, "The Well-documented Friendship of Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud," quotes Freud's final letter to Jung: "But one [meaning Jung] who while behaving abnormally keeps shouting that he is normal gives ground for the suspicion that he lacks insight into his illness. Accordingly, I propose that we abandon our personal relations entirely."
Jung was a complex individual with considerable baggage. Born in Switzerland in 1875, his mother had mental health issues and had been placed in an institution when he was only three years old, so it's fair to think he was sensitive to issues of abandonment, which he may have ascribed to Freud.
Whatever the undercurrents of the issues or the emotions that made their disagreement over theories so antagonistic, the two never resumed their friendship. They both attended a conference later that year, however, and during Jung's talk, Freud fainted, and Jung carried him to a couch, indicating that he still cared about his former friend. However, their relationship was permanently damaged to the point of negation.
... their relationship was permanently damaged to the point of negation
The following year they met for the final time. It was at another conference where Jung presented a paper on introverted and extroverted psychological types, introducing concepts that would forever differentiate his work from that of Freud. They spent the next 25 years before Freud's death without communicating. Jung would go on to become equally if not more important to the world of psychoanalysis than his former mentor.
Many of the psychological concepts we're now familiar with were advanced and sharpened by Jung. We all know how introversion and extroversion can shape our behavior. We also know that our unconscious minds perform all sorts of acrobatics that we're unaware of but that nevertheless impact our daily lives. Most of us know something about the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator that categorizes our preferences in thinking and the way we tune our mental capabilities; it's a popular tool based on Jung's theories of psychological types.
Most know about the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious; we also have a basic understanding of collective unconscious archetypes that influence how everyone perceives and responds to the world around us. We know about all of that because of Jung.
Jung's Archetypes
Jung postulated four major archetypes in human psychology, archetypes that are shared by all of humanity regardless of culture or environment. They are part of everyone's heredity, the psychic equivalent of instinct deriving from the collective unconscious. Each archetype influences personality, but everyone is dominated by one particular archetype depending on their personal experiences, culture, and upbringing.
Each archetype influences personality, but everyone is dominated by one particular archetype
The first of these archetypes is the Persona. We all wear masks for different situations (the word "persona" derived from the Latin word for "mask"). We don't present the same personality for all situations. We act in one way for a job interview, for example, and another way when we're out bowling with friends. Personas shield the ego in social situations and to restrain impulses and urges that are socially inappropriate.
Another of Jung's main archetypes is the Anima or Animus. The Anima is the unconscious feminine side of men and the Animus is the unconscious masculine side of women. Certain feminine behaviors are, according to Jung, derived from the collective unconscious but modified by personal experiences with other women. Men's expectations of women's behavior are modified by personal experiences with mothers, wives, sisters, and every woman they know. Some conflict arises in the psyche when the Anima or Animus is impacted by cultural expectations, leading to men repressing their feminine attributes and discouraging women from exploring their more masculine traits, thus undermining psychological development and overall mental health.
A third archetype is the Shadow, consisting of instinctive urges regarding sexual reproduction, survival, weaknesses, and repressed ideas of largely negative connotation. The Shadow resides in the unconscious and is an adaptation to cultural expectations that conflict with personal and instinctive urges and personal moral values. The Shadow may contain such negative aspects of the personality as greed, prejudice, envy, lust, and additional items typically identified as deadly sins. They are associated with the dark side of our psyches and can present themselves in dreams, particularly identified by dream images such as dragons, snakes, monsters, or other wild and chaotic figures.
The final major Jungian archetype is the Self, created by individuation, which is a psychological unification of personality traits both conscious and unconscious, the pursuit of the psyche to become conscious of unique individuality. The ego is the nucleus of consciousness; the Self is the center of personality. Personality, suggested Jung, comprises the conscious mind, the unconscious mind, and the ego.
Personality, suggested Jung, comprises the conscious mind, the unconscious mind, and the ego
Many other archetypes exist and may modify each other in a malleable fashion. Kendra Cherry's article, "The 4 Major Jungian Archetypes," from which much of this information on archetypes has been gleaned, offers a partial list:
The following are just a few of the various archetypes that Jung described:
- The father: Authority figure; stern; powerful
- The mother: Nurturing; comforting
- The child: Longing for innocence; rebirth; salvation
- The wise old man: Guidance; knowledge; wisdom
- The hero: Champion; defender; rescuer
- The maiden: Innocence; desire; purity
- The trickster: Deceiver; liar; trouble-maker
In addition, such events as birth, death, and marriage were attributed by Jung to be archetypal events, and he described archetypal motifs of the creation, the deluge, and the apocalypse.
Additional Concepts
Jung proposed the concepts of psychological complexes, which are repressed psychic content. He advanced an understanding of extraversion and introversion. Among his many concepts and developments were Association, Complex-Indicators, psychological Inflation, Numinosum, Quaternity, Synchronicity, Mana, and others of varying complexity and benefit to the understanding of the human mind. Jung was prolific and developed far more theories and identified far more concepts than could possibly be included here.
He believed that travel was especially important, as it was necessary for meeting and better understanding people from other cultures. He visited England many times, and aside from his trip to the U.S. with Freud, visited two additional times to give lectures and to receive an honorary degree at Harvard in 1936.
In 1925, Jung embarked on his "Bugishu Psychological Expedition," traveling to Africa where he explored Kenya, Uganda, and visited Mount Elgon in an attempt to understand "primitive psychology" through interactions with the native people, who were isolated from other cultures and therefore of interest in their psychological differences.
... he explored Kenya, Uganda, and visited Mount Elgon in an attempt to understand "primitive psychology"
He visited India in 1937, where he became interested in Hindu philosophy, which influenced his understanding of the role of symbolism and the unconscious. He also traveled through northern Italy and much of Europe. Through all of his adventures, though, and while formulating all of his theories, one particular element of his life did not change: He was a pipe smoker through it all, only giving it up near the end of his life and always missing it afterward.
Jung the Pipe Smoker
Like many pipe smokers, Jung preferred to be left alone to enjoy his pipe, and in 1909 he moved to a lake house where he was farther from potential distractions and interruptions. Ronald Hyman, in his book A Life of Jung (1999), describes that new and pleasing environment: "At last he had space where he could read, write, and smoke his pipe without being disturbed by unexpected visitors." (110)
It was often difficult for Jung to acquire his favorite pipe tobacco Granger, especially during the years of the two world wars and because it is an American tobacco. Hyman's biography of Jung mentions Jung reaching out for help on this subject: "The end of the war made it possible to revive the Bollingen Foundation, and Jung resumed contact with Paul and Mary Mellon. In September he wrote to tell her about his illness and to ask for some Granger pipe tobacco." (386)
In September he wrote to tell her about his illness and to ask for some Granger pipe tobacco
In 1932 Jung hired a secretary, Mairie-Jeanne Schmid, who handled all of the correspondence that Jung found so frustratingly boring. She also cared for his pipes:
One of her tasks was to clean his pipes. He had a large collection of Kobler pipes, whose hollow stem contained a metal spiral which could be dipped in water. This cooled the smoke, and much of the nicotine remained in the metal, which became dirty and smelly. She used petrol to clean the stems once every six weeks. He mixed his tobacco himself, using English, Dutch and Swiss. The tobacco tin was called Habakkuk; he liked giving names to inanimate objects. (Hyman, 309-310)
Even after his heart attack in 1943, when his doctors insisted that he give up smoking, he continued. According to his friend, personal assistant, and biographer Aniela Jaffe, in her book From the Life and Work of C.G. Jung, "Smoking was one of the pleasures of the day. 'A little tobacco assists concentration and contributes to one's peace of mind,' was his justification to his doctor." Jaffe also identifies Jung's favorite pipe mixture: "By choice he smoked Granger tobacco." (88)
Granger is mentioned again in Jung's correspondences, as found in Letters (1973) by Carl Gustav Jung, in a letter to Eugene H. Henley (April 20, 1946): "I should have written to you long ago to thank you for your kindness and generosity. The tobacco has safely arrived and I must say that Granger has remained my true love."
Jung shared some of the qualities often identified with the pastime, including an attraction to nostalgia and the past. In his book, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1973), he describes that characteristic in his daily routine:
The daimon of creativity has ruthlessly had its way with me. The ordinary undertakings I planned usually had the worst of it — though not always and not everywhere. By way of compensation, I think, I am conservative to the bone. I fill my pipe from my grandfather's tobacco jar and still keep his alpenstock, topped with a chamois horn, which he brought back from Pontresina.... (358)
"I fill my pipe from my grandfather's tobacco jar"
Jung's smoking again came under scrutiny by his doctors in the late '40s, according to Frank McLynn's biography, Carl Gustav Jung (1997):
In the late 1940s his physician, Dr. Jakob Stahel, ordered him to give up smoking, especially the American Granger tobacco and the Brazilian 'Gruner Heinrich' cigar he habitually smoked after lunch. Jung pleaded for permission to smoke three pipes of tobacco a day and one or two cheroots; Stahel refused, but Jung smoked them anyway. He solved the problem of his general practitioner by getting rid of Stahel and signing up with a Swiss physician, Ignaz Tauber. Unlike Stahel and most other people, Tauber had the skin of a rhinoceros and could simply bounce off him Jung's many querulous sarcasms and scalding criticisms. He and his wife Elsbeth became two of Jung's closest friends in the 1950s.
Tauber's battle to cut out Jung's smoking was no more successful than his predecessor's. He prescribed Quidinal for his patient's tachycardia, but at first could make little headway against nicotine, for Jung made the "concession" of smoking a pipe in the morning, a miniature cigar after lunch, another pipe at 4 p.m., another cigar after supper and a final pipe at 9:30 p.m. Under severe pressure from Tauber he gave up smoking completely for a few days until the craving led him to start smoking pipes again. In the end it was a premonitory dream, not the nagging of his physician, that made him kick the habit. But the sacrifice caused him much anguish and to the end of his life he could be seen nostalgically twiddling an empty pipe in his hands. (511)
"Jung made the "concession" of smoking a pipe in the morning, a miniature cigar after lunch, another pipe at 4 p.m., another cigar after supper and a final pipe at 9:30 p.m."
Jung's health was of continual interference to his enjoyment of tobacco. In Jung, a Biography (1987), Gerhard Wehr reports that:
In the spring of 1947 Jung reported to his old family doctor Jakob Stahel (1872-1950) what his daily routine was like: "Two hours of scientific work in the morning, and after noon a rest and a visit. Every day now I go walking twice for about three quarters of an hour. This is starting to go a little better, although not brilliantly yet." Great patience was called for, coupled with a strict working discipline. And as far as smoking was concerned, cigars or the beloved pipe that was always at hand, it was only with great effort that he managed to limit himself to a responsible moderation. (20)
Still, he insisted on continuing his smoking but seemed always to feel a bit guilty about it. Included in Carl Jung, Letters, vol II is a letter describing his smoking routine. At the time of the letter he was in the habit of using a water pipe, perhaps for its filtration capabilities:
Until now I have smoked 1 pipe with water condensation on beginning work in the morning, a miniature cigar after lunch, equal to 1-2 cigarettes, another pipe at 4 o'clock, after supper another little cigar, and generally another pipe about 9:30. A little tobacco helps me concentrate and conduces to my peace of mind. (103)
In another letter, he complains about the trouble of not smoking as much as he would like: "For a time I faithfully observed the rigorous rules of abstinence until my impatience drove me again to a few pipes." (105)
As a pipe smoker, Jung paid attention to other pipe smokers and arrived at some interesting conclusions about their personalities: "Although I have never made a statistique of this kind I have always been impressed by the fact that pipe-smokers are usually introverted." (Carl Jung Letters vol II, pages 564-565).
"I have always been impressed by the fact that pipe-smokers are usually introverted"
He extrapolates some broad interpretations of different smokers and their personality types in another letter:
The typical extrovert is too much of a busybody to bother and fuss with the pipe which demands infinitely more nursing than a cigarette that can be lighted or thrown away in a second.
That does not prevent me from having found heavy cigarette smokers among my introverts and not a few pipe smokers among the extroverts, but normally with empty pipes.
Pipe smoking was in their case one of the cherished introverted mannerisms. (Carl Jung Letters vol II pages 564-565)
As Jung reached middle age and beyond, his usual withdrawn and quiet personality broadened, as noted by Vincent Brown in his book, Jung (1978):
Contradictions remained, but in a different sense. One moment the extravert, vociferously bawling commands at an imaginary crew in his boat on the lake, or bursting into roars of laughter at the idiosyncrasies of colleagues, a man still capable of drinking a deep stein of beer and yodeling with a voice somewhat more cracked than before. At another, a benign, relaxed middle-aged man still with a touch of the peasant somewhere about him, who wore a soft collar in place of the stiff one, smoked a pipe with self-evident enjoyment, and exuded tremendous reassurance to his patients. (200)
In his later years, Jung continued his smoking, still enjoying it, perhaps beyond most other pleasures and usually with a water pipe. He had settled into a routine:
The actual room in which he worked in old age varied according to mood and season. Two rings on the bell to Aniela Jaffe meant he was waiting in the library. Sometimes she arrived to find him taking the bowl and stem of his water-cooled pipe apart, and it was some minutes before he had reassembled and lit it with, surprisingly perhaps, a mechanical lighter. Lunch was usually followed by a Brazilian cigar. (269)
Jung died in 1961, a giant in his field and progenitor of concepts and ideas and theories that continue to dominate many aspects of psychology and psychiatry. His influence on the world is impossible to measure, but it is vast, reaching into nearly all aspects of culture and across the globe. An innovator and a pipe smoker, he is remembered as one of the greatest minds in modern history.
References:
- Carl Gustav Jung (1997) by Frank McLynn
- Jung, a Biography (1987) by Gerhard Wehr
- Letters (1973) by Carl Gustav Jung
- From the Life and Work of C.G. Jung (1971) by Aniela Jaffe
- Jung (1978) by Vincent Brome
- A Life of Jung (1999) by Ronald Hayman
- Memories, dreams, reflections (1973) by Carl Gustav Jung
- The Life of Carl Jung, Founder of Analytical Psychology
- A Closer Look at Carl Jung: A Biography in Short
- Carl Jung, Simply Psychology (2018, May 21) by S.A. McLeod
- Carl Jung Biography (2020, March) by Theodore
- Carl Jung's Contribution to Psychology (2013) by Adrienne Erin
- The 4 Major Jungian Archetypes (2020) by Kendra Cherry
- The Jungian Model of the Psyche
- The Well-documented Friendship of Carl Jung and Sigmond Freud
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Comments
One of the best, Chuck. Thank you. Love the subject of Psychology. Not enough room here to discuss my deep seeded issues, like my PAD & TAD. I would need a couch and maybe 2 yrs, and Dr. Fred Hanna. I took a Psychology class in highschool and an intro Psychology course at CTC while stationed at Ft. Hood. And I stayed at a Holiday Inn, which makes me an expert on the subject. Such a fascinating topic, I really enjoy the true crime shows where the profiler gives you insight into the criminal mind, those guys can be pretty accurate or spot on with their profiles. I'm always psychoanalyzing myself and other people's behavior, I like to know what makes people tick. 'He solved the problem of his general practitioner by getting rid of Stahel and signing up with a Swiss physician, Ignaz Tauber' had me laughing š. Freud seemed to exhibit immature behavior, i.e., I'm gonna take my ball and go home. Not very professional, maybe it was the coke talking. A good spoof on the subject is the movie "High Anxiety" -Mel Brooks. Signs You Might Be an Introvert---Around one-third to one-half of all people in the U.S. are introverts. Though it looks different in everyone, introverts have many of the same patterns of behavior. In general, Introverts-Need quiet to concentrate.Are reflective.Are self-aware.Take time making decisions.Feel comfortable being alone.Don't like group work.Prefer to write rather than talk.Feel tired after being in a crowd.Have few friendships, but are very close with these friends.Daydream or use their imaginations to work out a problem.Retreat into their own mind to rest.-WebMD. (Me in a nutshell). Listened to this song on repeat this morning during my 40 min drive to work, I was psychoanalyzing traffic behavior on my way to work with my Holiday Inn experience. https://youtu.be/LtBbA_LHKxw
Chuck - Great theme & research ā¦ youāre still making contributions & utilizing your capable mind & imagination ā¦ & Ph. D. -Old Shrink
Excellent article. I really enjoy your thoughtful renderings on some of the great pipe smokers. Jung was one of the greatest thinkers and it was really good how you clarified the reasons and split of him and Freud. Interesting to note that while he was on his deathbed, he had been reading Chan and Zen Teaching by Charles Luk and was very impressed with the Zen views on the mind. He was always a learner as we all should be. Thanks again
Chuck, another fine article.Thank you.
@ Nathan Meek: Thank you for your input, I didn't know about his interest in Zen/Chan. I was going to mention Buddhism being one of the oldest forms of psychology, I have many books in my personal library on the subject, many that I still need to read. I will have to look up Charles Luk. Great article, Chuck.
As the son of a psychologist and sociologist, I enjoyed this read. In the 1970s, my father, and many of his colleagues, smoked pipes and/or cigars. The university passageways smelled of ever-brewing coffee and academic clouds of smoke. My father, who smoked Balkan Sobranie, stopped enjoying his pipes altogether, due to his secretary being allergic. Holding onto a great secretary was more important to my father than pipe smoking. Regardless, my childhood was full of psychologists, academics and researchers, visiting our home, and enjoying after dinner smokes, while discussing the latest research methodologies. The introverted/extroverted pipe smoker discussion is interesting. While I am an ENTJ personality, I returned to enjoying a pipe after a 20 year gap, during the forced introversion of COVID restrictions. My first pipes, purchased in the UK in the late 1980s, were reclaimed from the attic, and fired up very nicely - albeit forced to enjoy āour reunionā in the garden. During a recent trip to the family homestead, my father, sitting in his study among his collection of psychology books, gifted me a tin of early 1970s Balkan Sobranie. So far, this extrovert has spent thousands of dollars upgrading my collection and exploring various blends - but in the end, always firing-up in a happy singular solitude of forced introverted bliss.
Chuck,Thanks for a very interesting and enlightening article. Of course, I have heard of Drs. Freud and Jung, but never really understood their research or findings. I went another way, studying math, physics, and engineering. It wasnāt until late in my career during my pg studies in project management that I learned of the many behavioral aspects of leadership and personality evaluation. Whilst I spent much time learning engineering, because I like to āmake stuff I can see and touchā and the āproofs always worked outā, as I progressed in electrical engineering and physics I learned a lot of it is probability, with a touch of magic. No one has yet seen an electron, let alone a quark, and we are still learning about dark energy, whatever it may be.Please keep up the good work, your articles are especially interesting over a cup of coffee and a pipe.Regards,Stephen
This is such an interesting profile of a great man. I love the way Jung held his pipe -- same as Bo Nordh. We have learned so much about pipes since the days of great intellectuals who loved their old pipes, such as C.G. Jung, H.R.R. Tolkein, Bertrand Russell, A.A. Milne and Mark Twain, among others. If only those guys could go to a modern pipe show! They would learn so much and have fun in the process. Can you imagine having your pipe stems cleaned every six weeks with petrol? Seriously? Chuck Stanion should be congratulated for writing another superb article.
Great piece. Found his observations about introverts and pipes very true. Certainly in my case.
A very interesting article, a great job, one of many by this writer. I learned a great deal, very different from my formal education in engineering, economics and law, but ties in with my recent interest in genetics and behavioral psychology. I smoke only one bowl a day, after dinner, that might increase a little bit. Chuck is a great asset to smokingpipes.
Granger in a Falcon somehow makes perfect sense, much like Einstein's Revelation in a chewed up billiard. Just fits.Perhaps we have our own pipeman archetypes? I certainly hope so. I hold my pipes the same way Dr. Jung and (thanks, Rick!) Bo Nordh did, and that is fine company for the psyche.As an aside, Alan Watts - dig it - was a pipeman. As an approachable meditative tool for the everyman, he found it second to none.
Thank you for another interesting article.
That man was sharp as a tack and living past 85 isn't bad. I think he was right to switch doctors. These have all been excellent. Please keep them coming.
@ Indoeuropa: I've mentioned Alan Watts in a past article, by Jeffery Sitts I believe, in hopes that A. Watts would be written about here at SP. Oh, I hold my pipe like a macho man, a thinking man, and like what just comes naturally.
Enjoyed this immensely. In school, whenever Jung was quoted or a speaker/writer cited one of Jung's ideas, I frequently and comfortably concurred, finding "proof" in my own experience and reflection. It was also nice to learn about his choice of pipes and tobacco.
I forwarded Chuck's article to a friend from college (from 50 years ago) who loves C.G. Jung, and here is the reply I received:My gosh, that article came as a shock ā it is probably the best synopsis of the totality of Jungās thought that Iāve ever read! Iāve been a follower since I was 32 and belong to several groups of Jung admirers; New York, DC, Sarasota, and South Florida groups. I pick and choose which lectures to go to among them. A lecture will concentrate on one small aspect of Jungās thought, i.e., the hero archetype, or the meaning of flight in dreams, or introvert/extrovert thought patterns; very esoteric talks which I enjoy.But this article put its arms around the whole bundle! It was really enjoyable how he examined Jungās ideas from a journalistic viewpoint. This guy is a terrific writer. Thanks for forwarding.
I tried watching the video last night after the Superbowl, but fell asleep half way through...too many Budweisers. I will watch the whole thing after work today. I think I remember hearing him describe a childhood fight he had with 5 or more other children, how he knew that he could be prone to violence, and how sometimes he would think about how he would like to get someone in dark corner and show them what he really could do. It was comforting to hear that he experienced such feelings and emotions, I can relate as someone who has been in a few childhood fights and sometimes I would target the bullies. I thought it was quite the coincidence because within the past couple weeks the thought has crossed my mind (a few times) of how I would like to meet a certain someone in a dark alley to show them what I really think. Jung seemed down to Earth enough to me in that video, that I feel like I could hang out with him and enjoy some beers and good conversation.
I am what I am and that's all that I am. I think therefore I am... wait a minute, who am I again? My head hurts š¤
Thanks for a fascinating long-form article! I appreciate the mixture of biography, Jung's pipe habits, and tidbits of his thought. It's comforting that blend supply issues are nothing new! I agree with Jung that "[a] little tobacco helps me concentrate and conduces to my peace of mind."
Another fine articleThank you
Another excellent and very deep/thorough article. As a lifelong reader of Jung's books I always wanted to know which pipe tobacco he smoked. Now I know. Thank you Chuck.